High Prevalence of Hepatotoxicity on HIV Patients under TDF First Base

In this cross-sectional study, our data demonstrate a high prevalence of hepatotoxicity 21.65% (225). Among 1039 HIV infected individuals, 8.2% (85) were on NVP based regimen, 38.8% (403) were on EFV based regimen, 26.18% (272) were on PI based regimen and 9.8% (102) were on raltegravir based regimen; of which only 2.4% experienced severe hepatotoxicity (n=25). This is in contrast with the previous findings, as many previous studies conducted so far have reported high prevalence of severe hepatotoxicity. For example a study conducted by Ferdinand et al., reported grade 4 hepatotoxicity in 7.9% patients [8], a retrospective study conducted at Duke University Medical Center (DUMC) and Durham VA Medical Center (DVAMC) Infectious Diseases Clinics have reported 10.7% incidence of severe hepatotoxicity [9]. However, a recent study conducted on Ethiopian cohort have reported grade 3 and grade 4 hepatotoxicity among 1.84% of HIV infected patients [10]. The reason why the higher incidence was found among other cohort studies might be our study excluded patient with HBV/HCV infection. Among the 225 patients, 12.31% of them were on first line ART regimen. However SH among patient on first line ART was found to be present in 1.82%, this is similar with the previous finding that, among those receiving first line ART 1.7% had SH. However many finding states that overall rate of SH was between (4.2% - 8.9%) [11-13].In addition by analyzing further we found that SH was found to be higher in NVP (19.35%) than EFV (14.4%) based NNRTI, this is in line with the previous findings. The proportion of hepatotoxicity among HIV infected individuals is found to be 3.84%, 2.21%, 0.96% for patients who are ART naà ¯ve, on PI based regimen and raltegravir based ... ...transformed for statistical analysis. CD4 T-cell measurement was performed using flowcytometer FC 500, (Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA, USA), ALT and AST level were measured in Olympus AU400 Chemistry analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA, USA). Statistical analysis: Baseline characters were recorded as median and interquartile range for continuous variables and as percentages for categorical variables. Differences in demographic characters between 4 groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis Test for continuous variables and Pearson chi-square and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Time to event between the groups was compared using Kaplan-Meier estimates and log rank test. Association between the risk factors and hepatotoxicity was computed using Odds Ratios (ORs). All statistical analysis was performed in Vasserstats: Statistical computation website.

Speech Plan

Beto Arellano Comm 3 Informative Speech Plan Title: Hip-hop Abs Specific Speech Purpose: To inform my Comm. 3 audience on how to achieve abs with the hip-hop abs program Statement: There are three steps for a basic hip hop abs workout. Introduction I. Attention Step: The abdomen, sometimes called the belly, stomach, or tummy, is the part of the body between the chest and pelvis.The benefits of having strong abdominal muscles include helping a person breathe better and better posture that results in less back pain, help a person avoid injury when performing tasks that put stress on the back and torso, and helping the body to heal faster after an injury or surgery to the spine. II. Clarification Step: That explains why we have to maintain our abs for a better and healthier life. Welcome everyone to Beto's Guide to Shaun T's Hip Hop Abs! Today, I am going to teach you how to achieve great abs using Shaun T's Hip Hop Abs Program, and have fun while doing it!Body I. First, you must get th e proper materials for the work out A. You must wear the proper clothes 1. Wear comfortable clothes (shirt, shorts/jogging pants) 2. Wear rubber shoes B. You must prepare the needed materials 1. Bring water and a towel 2. Bring appropriate music for the workout II. Second, you must attain the proper form for the workout A. You must Tilt 1. Tilt your body forward 2. Take your shoulders over B. You must Tuck 1. Tuck your hips under 2. â€Å"Sit on a chair† C. You must Tighten 1. Squeeze your abs 2. Exhale while you squeeze III.Lastly, you must learn the basic steps A. Do the basic bounce B. Bring your hands up and step side to side C. Bring your knees up alternately D. Bend your knees and get low Conclusion Summary Step: Now that you know how easy and fun the Hip Hop Abs program is, you can now maintain your abs anywhere like at home, at the office, in the kitchen, in the shower, and at the zoo, but not anytime, only when no one else is looking. Sources: http://www. ehow. com/a bout_4565354_abdominal-muscles. html#ixzz2MaOxmjms http://www. beachbody. com/product/fitness_programs/hip_hop_abs. do

Happiness - 666 Words

30/04/2013 Workplace Happiness Lecture Key Questions †¢ What is happiness? †¢ Why is happiness important? †¢ Cognitive Lens: How do we understand/misunderstand what will make us happy at work? †¢ Situational Lens: When are people happy at work? †¢ Trait Lens: Who is happy at work? What is Happiness? 1 30/04/2013 What is Happiness? †¢ Happiness: – an emotional state. – how you feel about yourself and the world. †¢ Satisfaction with Life: – more global judgment about your acceptance with your life conditions. – more of a cognitive assessment. What is Happiness? 2 pathways to well†being Removing negative states †¢ Depression †¢ Anxiety †¢ Insecurity †¢ Addiction †¢ Violence Promoting positive states †¢ Hope †¢ Optimism†¦show more content†¦Who is happy? †¢ Winning the cortical lottery is generally more important than winning the actual lottery when it comes to positive emotions! †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ High Emotional Stability High Extroversion High Promotion focus High Approach Motivation Starts when we are young! †¢ Babies who show a lot more activity on the right side of the forehead become toddlers who are more anxious about novel situations †¢ As teenagers, they are more likely to be fearful about dating and social activities; †¢ Finally, as adults, they are more likely to need psychotherapy to loosen up. †¢ Having lost out in the cortical lottery, they will struggle all their lives to weaken the grip of an overactive withdrawal system. 5 30/04/2013 Hedonic Adaptation to life events †¢ Lottery winners tend to go up †¢ Accident victims go down †¢ Both return to general set†point Optimism Matters Social Factors †¢ Relationships matter †¢ Progress towards goals matters †¢ Connection between purpose of work and tasks appears to matter †¢ Autonomy matters 6 30/04/2013 Interpersonal Relationships †¢ Durkheim’s study on suicide †¢ Social rejection is the numberShow MoreRelatedHappiness And Happiness : Three Causes Of Happiness802 Words   |  4 PagesEvery Person has a different understanding of happiness. 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